Mathematical & Scientific Symbols

Essential symbols for mathematics, physics, chemistry, and engineering

Basic Arithmetic
+ Addition Plus sign
− Subtraction Minus sign
× Multiplication Times sign
· Multiplication Dot operator
÷ Division Obelus
/ Division Slash
= Equality Equals sign
≠ Inequality Not equal to
≈ Approximation Almost equal to
≡ Identity Equivalent to
± Plus-minus Positive or negative
∓ Minus-plus Negative or positive
Comparison & Relational
< Less than
> Greater than
≤ Less than or equal to
≥ Greater than or equal to
≪ Much less than
≫ Much greater than
∼ Similar to
≅ Congruent to
∝ Proportional to
∞ Infinity
Algebra & Calculus
∑ Summation Sigma
∏ Product Pi product
∫ Integral
∮ Contour integral
∂ Partial derivative
∇ Gradient Del or nabla
∆ Change / Delta Capital delta
δ Small change Small delta
d Derivative Differential
lim Limit
√ Square root Radical
∛ Cube root
∜ Fourth root
Greek Letters
α Alpha α
β Beta β
γ Gamma γ
δ Delta δ
ε Epsilon ε
ζ Zeta ζ
η Eta η
θ Theta θ
ι Iota ι
κ Kappa κ
λ Lambda λ
μ Mu μ
ν Nu ν
ξ Xi ξ
π Pi π
ρ Rho ρ
σ Sigma σ
τ Tau τ
υ Upsilon υ
φ Phi φ
χ Chi χ
ψ Psi ψ
ω Omega ω
Set Theory
{ } Set Braces
∈ Element of
∉ Not element of
⊂ Subset
⊆ Subset or equal
⊄ Not subset
⊇ Superset
∪ Union
∩ Intersection
∅ Empty set Null set
ℕ Natural numbers
ℤ Integers
ℚ Rational numbers
ℝ Real numbers
ℂ Complex numbers
Logic
∧ Logical AND Conjunction
∨ Logical OR Disjunction
¬ Negation Not
⊕ XOR Exclusive or
⇒ Implies If-then
⇔ If and only if Biconditional
∀ For all Universal quantifier
∃ There exists Existential quantifier
∄ There does not exist
∴ Therefore
∵ Because
Physics & Chemistry
ħ Reduced Planck constant h-bar
° Degree
′ Minute Prime
″ Second Double prime
Å Angstrom
Ω Ohm Resistance
µ Micro Mu
Å Angstrom
°C Celsius
°F Fahrenheit
K Kelvin
mol Mole
pH Acidity
Geometry & Trigonometry
∠ Angle
∡ Measured angle
⊥ Perpendicular
∥ Parallel
∦ Not parallel
△ Triangle
□ Square
◯ Circle
° Degree
′ Arcminute
″ Arcsecond
π Pi (3.14159...)
τ Tau (2π)
φ Golden ratio Phi
Probability & Statistics
P(A) Probability of A
P(A|B) Conditional probability
E(X) Expected value
Var(X) Variance
σ Standard deviation
σ² Variance
μ Mean Mu
ρ Correlation Rho
x̄ Sample mean x-bar
s² Sample variance
χ² Chi-squared
Miscellaneous
% Percent
‰ Per mille Per thousand
‱ Per ten thousand Basis point
! Factorial
|x| Absolute value
⌊x⌋ Floor function
⌈x⌉ Ceiling function
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© Copyright
™ Trademark
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